第一章

翻译：觉醒

宣告耶稣的神性

1. 神的儿子耶稣基督福音的起头。

当我们开始阅读马可福音时，我们需要牢记，在任何一卷圣经中，所说的第一句话，都会成为后面一切内容的精髓。就像音阶上的基调一样，第一句话奠定了主旨，提供了中心主题，并为后面的一切确立了重点。因此，当我们阅读神的话语时，第一句话应该牢记于心，贯穿于后面的内容，这一点至关重要。 ¹

在马太福音中，第一句话是：“关于亚伯拉罕的后裔，大卫的子孙，耶稣基督降生的书。”这是福音叙事的开始。从字面上看，这句话说的不过是耶稣的人类血统。这第一句话将祂描述为“亚伯拉罕的后裔、大卫的子孙”。虽然这个王室血统是一个重要的、受人尊敬的血统，但它仍然是一个人类血统。

这描绘了我们最初看待耶稣的方式。我们把祂看作一个人，由人类父母所生。但是，当我们读到马太福音的结尾时，一些奇妙的事情发生了。随着我们对耶稣的认识不断加深，祂的神性也逐渐显露出来。当我们来到马太福音书的结尾时，耶稣说：“天上地下所有的权柄都赐给我了。”（马太福音28:18）

因此，马太福音使我们认识了耶稣的神性。这标志着我们信仰发展的一个关键阶段。事实上，耶稣自己曾说，承认祂的神性是基督教信仰的第一块基石或房角石。在马太福音中，当彼得对耶稣说：“你是基督，是永生神的儿子”，耶稣没有否认这一点。相反，耶稣告诉他，这个根本真理不是属血肉的指示他的，而是“我在天上的父”指示他的（马太福音16:17）。耶稣说：“我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上。”（马太福音16:18） ²

马可福音从马太福音结束的地方开始，即从承认耶稣的神性开始。马太福音以“关于亚伯拉罕的后裔，大卫的子孙，耶稣基督降生的书”（马太福音1:1）开始，马可福音则以“神的儿子耶稣基督福音的起头”（马可福音1:1）开始。

还要注意的是，马太福音自称为“耶稣基督降生的书”，马可福音则自称为“耶稣基督的福音”。使用不同的术语是有意义的。“书”表示在我们灵性发展的过程中，即在我们逐渐认识耶稣基督神性的过程中，我们所经历的连续的、完美有序的状态。这是我们的“生命之书”，是神所编写的，描述了我们心中爱和智慧的兴起和发展。这被称为重生的过程，或者用圣经的语言来说，是耶稣基督在我们里面降生的过程。 ³

但“福音”不是“书”

“福音”一词来自希腊字εὐαγγέλιον（evangelium），意思是“好消息”。对早期的基督徒来说，该“好消息”是神亲自来到世上，揭示祂的真实本性，征服邪恶，尤其是教导人们通往天堂的道路。因此，在马太福音的结尾，门徒被差遣出去，向万民传扬这个好消息。正如马太福音结尾所记：“所以，你们要去，使万民作我的门徒，奉父、子、圣灵的名给他们施洗。凡我所吩咐你们的，都教训他们遵守。”（马太福音28:19、20）

当我们查考福音叙事中不断涌现的神圣真理时，我们发现马太福音以众所周知的大使命达到高潮。耶稣差遣祂的门徒出去，传扬祂出生、生活、死亡、复活的好消息，尤其是祂的教导。马可福音正是从这一点开始的（“在旷野有人声喊着说”），宣告弥赛亚，神的儿子，已经来到。简而言之，马可福音是以宣告福音开始的，宣告耶稣是弥赛亚，是神的儿子，祂呼召我们到普天下去传福音。然而，我们很快就会发现，好消息是从悔改开始的。

预备主的道

2. 正如先知以赛亚书上记着说，看哪，我要差遣我的使者在你前面，预备道路。

3. 在旷野有人声喊着说，预备主的道，修直他的路。

在耶稣降生伯利恒前五百年，主通过先知玛拉基说：“看哪，我要差遣我的使者，在我前面预备道路。”（玛拉基书3:1）在马可福音的开头，这位将“预备道路”的“使者”就是施洗约翰。他是神差来为弥赛亚预备道路的。

还有一个更古老的预言，在耶稣降生前七百年，主通过先知以赛亚说：“在旷野有人声喊着说，当预备主的道，修直他的路。”（以赛亚书40:3）这两个预言合在一起，成了马可福音开始时的一个陈述，即：“看哪，我要差遣我的使者在你前面，预备道路。在旷野有人声喊着说，预备主的道，修直他的路。”（马可福音1:2-3）这位来预备主的道，以便人们接受主的使者就是施洗约翰。尽管那个重要的时刻已经过去两千年了，但我们仍然可以听到约翰强有力的宣告：“主来了！”“你们要预备道路！”“祂要进入你们的头脑和心灵！”“修直祂的路！” ⁴

在马太福音的结尾，耶稣吩咐祂的门徒说：“你们要出去，使万民作我的门徒，给他们施洗。”马可正是从约翰施洗开始，继续讲述故事。虽然经上没有证据表明施洗约翰曾成为十二门徒之一，但有证据表明他遵照耶稣的吩咐，教导人们“遵守[耶稣]所吩咐的一切”（马太福音28:20），从必要受洗开始。

正如我们在马太福音中已经指出的，受洗代表愿意接受新的真理。它与代替赎罪、因信称义或瞬间得救无关。相反，它表明了一种意愿，即愿意通过学习并实践真理来洗净灵魂，同时相信是主赐给我们遵行真理的力量。虽然洗礼本身并不使人得救，但它代表了得救是如何发生的，即通过悔改的过程，使罪得赦。 ⁵

福音的宣告从一位强有力的传道人的话开始，敦促我们不仅要预备主的道，而且要接受“悔改的洗礼，使罪得赦”，这不是偶然的（马可福音1:4）。显然，约翰的讲道很受欢迎，因为“犹太全地和耶路撒冷的人都出去到约翰那里，承认他们的罪，在约但河里受他的洗。”（马可福音1:5）

那么，悔改的洗和承认自己的罪将是我们进入马可福音的关键理念。

圣灵的洗

4. 照这话，约翰来了，在旷野施洗，传悔改的洗礼，使罪得赦。

5. 犹太全地和耶路撒冷的人都出去到约翰那里，承认他们的罪，在约但河里受他的洗。

6. 约翰穿骆驼毛的衣服，腰束皮带，吃的是蝗虫野蜜。

7. 他传道说，有一位在我以后来的，能力比我更大，我就是弯腰给他解鞋带，也是不配的。

8. 我是用水给你们施洗，他却要用圣灵给你们施洗。

9. 那时，耶稣从加利利的拿撒勒来，在约但河里受了约翰的洗。

10. 他从水里一上来，就看见天裂开了，圣灵仿佛鸽子降在他身上。

11. 又有声音从天上来，说，你是我的爱子，我喜悦你。

12. 圣灵就把耶稣催到旷野里去。

13. 他在旷野四十天受撒但的试探，并与野兽同在一处，且有天使来伺候他。

施洗约翰知道自己的局限。虽然他知道他的讲道可以帮助人们认识到他们需要一位救主，但他也知道单凭他的话不能带来拯救。因此，他说：“有一位在我以后来的，能力比我更大。”（马可福音1:7）当然，他指的是耶稣，施洗约翰正在为祂铺路。施洗约翰说：“我是用水给你们施洗，他却要用圣灵给你们施洗。”（马可福音1:8）

在圣经的语言中，接受“水的洗礼”代表愿意接受真理，尤其是基于圣经字面教导的真理。这是第一次的洗。但之后必须有另一种洗，就是“圣灵的洗”。这第二次的洗发生在我们所知的真理在属灵争战中受到考验的时候。在这种时候，仅仅相信是不够的。相反，我们的信必须经受考验，使它们更加坚固，最终成为我们性格的重要组成部分。在受试探的时候，如果我们让主话语中的真理充满我们的心，主就会藉着真理带着爱和能力来到我们中间。在圣经的语言中，这被称为“圣灵的洗”。 ⁶

因此，施洗约翰不仅仅是一个历史人物。当他在贫瘠的旷野呼喊，以“预备主的道路”时，这代表我们需要用主话语中的真理武装自己，为属灵的争战做准备。作为我们在凡事上的榜样，这正是耶稣在下一节所做的。我们读到：“那时，耶稣从加利利的拿撒勒来，在约但河里受了约翰的洗。”（马可福音1:9）当耶稣从约但河上来的时候，天裂开了，“圣灵仿佛鸽子降在他身上”（马可福音1:10）。

圣灵“仿佛鸽子”降在祂身上，代表耶稣即将经历内在净化的过程。每当我们战胜试探时，我们就会变得更柔和，也能够从更高的层次看问题，就像鸽子一样。在这方面，鸽子降下是从天上来的记号，接着有声音从天上来，说：“你是我的爱子，我所喜悦的。”（马可福音1:11） ⁷

在马太福音中，耶稣受洗后立即被圣灵引到旷野，受魔鬼的试探，然后对耶稣所受的试探有详细的描述，包括祂被试探，要把石头变成饼，从殿顶跳下去，并敬拜撒旦。这些试探概括性地代表了耶稣在逐步征服地狱、恢复自由和教导通往天堂的道路的过程中将要经历的所有试探。

马可福音是同样的顺序。耶稣受洗后，圣灵立即把祂催到旷野里去（马可福音1:12）。这与属灵的法则是一致的，即我们不仅要相信真理，还要按照真理生活。因此，我们在受洗（接受真理）之后，必然要经受试探（按照真理生活）。所以，接受真理仅仅是我们灵性成长的开始。要使真理成为我们自己的，就必须在属灵争战的时候，把它记在心里，并使用它。这就是为什么我们在两部福音书中看到了同样的顺序。然而，在马可福音中，整个试探的过程只用一节经文来描述。如经上所记：“他在旷野四十天受撒但的试探，并与野兽同在一处，且有天使来伺候他。”（马可福音1:13） ⁸

这里的“野兽”指的是阻碍我们按照真理生活的邪恶欲望和错误思想。它们是对自我和世界的邪恶而残暴的爱，要吞噬我们里面来自主的一切。但是，当我们在试探中得胜，强迫自己按真理行事时，我们就会始终受到主话语中的真理的保护，最终得到这些真理的安慰。如经上所记：“有天使来伺候他。”（马可福音1:13） ⁹

那么，这就是约翰所说的“圣灵的洗”。 ¹⁰

耶稣传福音

14. 约翰下监以后，耶稣来到加利利，宣传神的福音。

15. 说，日期满了，神的国近了。你们当悔改，信福音。

16. 耶稣顺着加利利的海边走，看见西门和西门的兄弟安得烈在海里撒网。他们本是打鱼的。

17. 耶稣对他们说，来跟从我，我要叫你们得人如得鱼一样。

18. 他们就立刻舍了网，跟从了他。

19. 耶稣稍往前走，又见西庇太的儿子雅各和雅各的兄弟约翰在船上补网。

20. 耶稣随即招呼他们。他们就把父亲西庇太和雇工人留在船上，跟从耶稣去了。

21. 到了迦百农，耶稣就在安息日进了会堂教训人。

22. 众人很希奇他的教训，因为他教训他们，正像有权柄的人，不像文士。

本福音以施洗约翰传悔改赦罪的道开始，这是本福音的主旨。在旷野受试探之后，耶稣继续传同样的主题。如经上所记：“约翰下监以后，耶稣来到加利利，宣传神的福音。”（马可福音1:14）在连续的内在意义上，施洗约翰被囚禁是一个重要的时刻。正如我们已经提到的，施洗约翰代表圣经的字面含义，即我们开始学习圣经时最先学到的真理。然而，如果我们被剥夺了这些真理，或者这些真理被扭曲了，这就好比施洗约翰被“下监”了。 ¹¹

当这种情况发生时，耶稣接替了约翰的工作。和约翰一样，耶稣以悔改为主题开始传道。“日期满了，”耶稣说，“神的国近了。你们当悔改，信福音。”（马可福音1:15）然后，耶稣立即召集门徒，协助祂完成使命。祂在加利利海边行走，看见西门和安得烈在海里撒网，就对他们说：“来跟从我，我要叫你们得人如得鱼一样。”（马可福音1:17）祂对雅各和约翰也是如此说。他们都毫不迟疑地跟从了祂（马可福音1:19-20）。

耶稣的行动是迅速的。祂没有耽误任何时间，“立即进入会堂教训人”（马可福音1:21）。“众人很希奇他的教训，因为他教训他们，正像有权柄的人，不像文士。”（马可福音1:22）

耶稣不许污鬼作声

23. 在会堂里，有一个人被污鬼附着。他喊叫说，

24. 拿撒勒人耶稣，我们与你有什么相干？你来灭我们吗？我知道你是谁，乃是神的圣者。

25. 耶稣责备他说，不要作声，从这人身上出来吧。

26. 污鬼叫那人抽了一阵疯，大声喊叫，就出来了。

27. 众人都惊讶，以致彼此对问说，这是什么事？是个新道理啊！他用权柄吩咐污鬼，连污鬼也听从了他。

28. 耶稣的名声就传遍了加利利的四方。

马可福音的记载简短、直接、直达要点。他没有记录家谱，没有记录耶稣降生，没有记录山上宝训——这些涵盖了马太福音的前七章。他直接从施洗约翰在旷野传道开始，现在又转到耶稣在会堂里传道。祂的教导使众人惊讶，又赶出了一个污鬼。当污鬼承认耶稣是“神的圣者”时，耶稣不许他作声，污鬼就听从了祂。会堂里的人都很惊讶。他们大声说：“这是什么事？是个新道理啊！”他们看到耶稣的大能，说：“他用权柄吩咐污鬼，连污鬼也听从了他。”（马可福音1:27）

本福音经常提到“污鬼”、“邪灵”和“魔鬼”。虽然这些术语都有特定的含义，但它们经常交替使用，意指任何违背主旨意的邪恶欲望或错误信仰。在这方面，重要的是要记住，“污鬼”、“邪灵”和“魔鬼”曾经都是人，当生活在世上时，他们选择了欺骗而不是诚实，选择了残忍而不是仁慈，选择了相信自己而不是神。因此，当耶稣赶出污鬼并要求他“不要作声”时，这代表主通过圣经的神圣教导来赶出我们心中的恶欲，并使我们的错误思想安静下来。 ¹²

所以，在本福音中，耶稣立即开始作工，实现祂的目的：祂来是要传福音，并因此赶出魔鬼。好消息迅速传播开来。如经上所记：“耶稣的名声传遍了加利利的四方。”（马可福音1:28）但我们要注意，这个“好消息”是关于悔改的。这在耶稣最初的布道和祂的第一次医治中体现了出来。祂宣传悔改之道，并赶出魔鬼。

不许鬼说话

29. 他们一出会堂，就同着雅各、约翰进了西门和安得烈的家。

30. 西门的岳母正害热病躺着，就有人告诉耶稣。

31. 耶稣进前拉着她的手，扶她起来，热就退了，她就服事他们。

32. 天晚日落的时候，有人带着一切害病的和被鬼附的来到耶稣跟前。

33. 合城的人都聚集在门前。

34. 耶稣治好了许多害各样病的人，又赶出许多鬼，不许鬼说话，因为鬼认识他。

在前面的情节中，当耶稣把污鬼从被鬼附的人身上赶出去时，那污鬼对祂说：“我知道你是谁，乃是神的圣者。”（马可福音1:24）一个污鬼竟然认出耶稣的神性，这很奇怪，但耶稣不许污鬼说什么。祂对污鬼说：“不要作声。”然后命令他从那人身上出来，污鬼就听从了祂。

当我们考虑后面一系列神奇的医治时，这第一个故事很重要，要牢记在心。接下来是西门的岳母得了医治（西门是门徒彼得的名字）。她患了热病，耶稣一摸她的手，热就退了（马可福音1:31）。显然，她迅速得了康复，便起来服事他们。这和医治被污鬼附身的人一样，引起了不小的轰动。耶稣神奇医治的消息传遍了四方。当天晚上，日落以后，有人带着一切害病的来到耶稣跟前，耶稣就治好了他们，“又赶出许多鬼”。祂再次不许鬼说话，“因为鬼认识他”（马可福音1:34）。

这是一个重要的细节。虽然这是第一章，但我们已经看到耶稣至少有两次不许鬼说话。从字面上看，我们可能认为耶稣想要隐藏祂的身份。毕竟，如果祂被发现拥有这种异能，就可能引起那些想要除灭祂的宗教领袖的怀疑。因此，祂最好将这些事情保密。

然而，在更内在的层面上，重要的是要记住，耶稣在行医治的神迹时是直接对魔鬼（也被称为邪灵）说话。魔鬼和邪灵的话不可信，无论他们说什么。他们喜欢撒谎，歪曲事实；他们编造从未发生的故事；他们假装知道没有人能预测的未来。他们引起忧虑和恐惧，使我们想起早应该忘记的事情，又让我们忘记应该记住的事情。因此，最好的办法是不要听他们说话。这就是为什么耶稣叫他们“不要作声”（马可福音1:25），又“不许他们说话”（马可福音1:34），即使是祂神奇的医治。他们一定会把好的扭曲成不好的。 ¹³

耶稣宣告祂的目的

35. 次日早晨，天未亮的时候，耶稣起来，到旷野地方去，在那里祷告。

36. 西门和同伴追了他去，

37. 遇见了就对他说，众人都在找你。

38. 耶稣对他们说，我们可以往别处去，到邻近的乡村，我也好在那里传道，因为我是为这事出来的。

39. 于是在加利利全地，进了会堂，传道赶鬼。

40. 有一个长大麻风的来求耶稣，向他跪下，说，你若肯，必能叫我洁净了。

41. 耶稣动了慈心，就伸手摸他，说，我肯，你洁净了吧。

42. 大麻风即时离开他，他就洁净了。

43. 耶稣严严的嘱咐他，就打发他走。

44. 对他说，你要谨慎，什么话都不可告诉人，只要去把身体给祭司察看，又因为你洁净了，献上摩西所吩咐的礼物，对众人作证据。

45. 那人出去，倒说许多的话，把这件事传扬开了，叫耶稣以后不得再明明地进城，只好在外边旷野地方。人从各处都就了他来。

到了下一节，我们看到耶稣去到旷野，在那里祷告。西门和同伴找到祂，对祂说：“众人都在找你。”（马可福音1:37）耶稣的回答很重要，因为它揭示了祂的目的：“我们可以往别处去，到邻近的乡村，我也好在那里传道，因为我是为这事出来的。”（马可福音1:38）是的，耶稣是来传福音的。如经上所记：“于是在加利利全地，进了会堂，传道赶鬼。”（马可福音1:39）再一次，重要的是要注意到，耶稣传道的目的是“赶鬼”，这是从悔改开始的。 ¹⁴

大多数人都同意，“好消息”应该传扬开来。有趣的是，对于向谁传扬好消息，耶稣很谨慎。正如我们在前两节所看到的，耶稣叫污鬼不要作声，不许魔鬼说话。我们将看到，被禁止出声的不只是污鬼和魔鬼。例如，在接下来的情节中，耶稣治愈了一个麻风病人。治好他以后，耶稣对他说：“你要谨慎，什么话都不可告诉人。”耶稣再次严严地叮嘱，不可将这事告诉人，只要去把身体给祭司察看，并“献上摩西所吩咐的礼物”。耶稣说，摩西所吩咐的这些事可作为麻风病人得了洁净的“证据”。（马可福音1:44）

在一个层面上，耶稣指的是在希伯来圣经中随处可见的洁净仪式。根据这些教义，任何患有传染性皮肤病的人（在这里是大麻风）都要遵守特别的规矩，包括彻底清洁麻风病人的房子和衣服，并在活水上宰一只活鸟，将其血洒在麻风病人身上七次。此外，还要献上一只没有瑕疵的羊羔，并献上用油调和的细面（利未记14:1-16）。这些都象征一种纯真的意愿，即愿意遵守主的诫命，让内心得到净化，摆脱邪恶的欲望和支持这些欲望的错误思想。 ¹⁵

简单地说，从属灵的角度来理解，摩西所吩咐的真正祭物是按照诫命生活，放弃自私的意念。这是唯一需要的证据。这是生命得到内在净化的证据，而不仅仅是外在的治愈。希伯来圣经中所有的献祭和洗濯都与净化欲望和思想有关。正因为如此，大卫说：“神啊，求你为我造清洁的心，使我里面重新有正直的灵。”（诗篇51:10、17） ¹²

不幸的是，尽管麻风病人得了医治，但他没有听从耶稣的吩咐。他没有保持沉默，把身体给祭司察看，并献上摩西所吩咐的礼物，而是违背了耶稣的吩咐。他出去，“倒说许多的话”，把耶稣为他做的事传扬开了（马可福音1:45）。

麻风病的属灵含义

在本章早些时候，耶稣叫污鬼“不要作声，从这人身上出来”（马可福音1:25）。在后面几节经文，耶稣赶出许多鬼，“不许鬼说话”（马可福音1:34）。在这一节，祂对麻风病人说：“你要谨慎，什么话都不可告诉人。”值得注意的是，每当耶稣赶出污鬼或魔鬼时，祂不许他们说话。正如我们已经提到的，邪灵和魔鬼不是可靠的见证人。他们喜欢撒谎，夸大其词，忽略重要的细节，扭曲事实，让自己看起来良善，让别人看起来败坏。因此，耶稣让他们闭嘴是最好的。

但是，耶稣刚刚治好的麻风病人又如何呢？这一次，耶稣没有对污鬼或魔鬼说话。相反，他直接对麻风病人说话，叫他不要告诉任何人。

这是为什么？

一种解释可能从麻风病的属灵含义以及这种疾病被治愈的含义中找到。因为麻风病是一种皮肤病，它代表了当人们知道真理，却不真正相信真理时，在灵性上是什么样子。可以说，他们没有从心里接受真理。由于治愈只是“表面的”，所以它代表了外在缺陷的治愈。这是麻风病的一种。

然而，还有一种更深、更严重的麻风病。当麻风病没有得到治疗，并渗透到身体内部，影响神经系统和内部器官时，就会出现这种情况。这代表了当人们知道真理，深深地相信它，却不按照他们所信的去生活时，在灵性上是什么样子。更糟糕的是，他们歪曲圣经的真理，为自己的私欲和恶欲辩护。虽然他们看起来毫无瑕疵，洁白如雪，但他们内心充满了邪恶的欲望和诡计。每当这种情况发生时，属天的良善与真理就会与地狱的邪恶与虚假混合在一起。这种善与恶、真与假的混杂被称为“亵渎”。 ¹⁷

回到耶稣刚刚治愈的麻风病人的例子，我们应该记住，耶稣嘱咐他不要对任何人讲说他被治愈的事。此外，耶稣还嘱咐他去把身体给祭司察看，并献上摩西所吩咐的礼物。倘若他如此行，他就会经历内在的治愈，而不仅仅是外在的治愈。可恰恰相反，他没有遵从耶稣的指示，随从了自己的意愿。这种意愿的不顺从表明他可能只是得了外在的治愈，没有得到内在的治愈。

从属灵的角度来看，外在的治愈是人的悟性得到了纠正，能够正确地理解圣经。而内在的治愈是情感得到了治愈，这将表现为对主的话语的顺从。麻风病人无视耶稣的嘱咐，证明他的治愈是外在的。因此，正如耶稣不许污鬼和魔鬼说话一样，祂也吩咐麻风病人不可将所发生的事情告诉任何人。在麻风病人做什么之前，特别是在他传扬他身体被治愈的消息之前，耶稣吩咐他首先遵守代表内在得到洁净的利未人的律法。

第一章到此就结束了。耶稣已经受了洗，与魔鬼争战，也传扬了福音，赶走了魔鬼，医治了病人，洁净了长大麻风的。至少有三次，耶稣叫人们不要谈论所发生的事情。当我们继续学习马可福音时，我们将仔细看看耶稣是如何预备祂的门徒（以及我们）接受和传扬福音的。

脚注:

403. As a fig tree casteth her unripe figs when shaken by a great wind, signifies which knowledges the natural man has laid waste by its reasonings. This is evident from the signification of "fig-tree," as being the natural man (of which presently); from the signification of "her unripe figs" as being the things that are in the natural man, which especially are the knowledges implanted in the natural man from infancy, and that are not yet mature, having been merely heard and thence accepted; also from the signification of "shaken by a great wind," as being, which the natural man has laid waste by reasonings. "To be shaken by a great wind" here signifies the reasonings from the falsities of evil, for "great" in the Word is predicated of good and of evil, "wind" of truth and of falsity, and "to be shaken thereby," of reasoning therefrom. Such is the signification of these words, although they are used comparatively, because in the Word all comparisons, like the rest, are significative, for they are equally correspondences. With respect to these things, the case is this: every man is born natural from his parents, but becomes spiritual from the Lord, which is called to be born anew or to be regenerated; and because he is born natural, therefore the knowledges that he imbibes from infancy, before he becomes spiritual, are implanted in his natural memory; but as he advances in years and begins to consider rationally the knowledges of good and truth that he has imbibed from the Word or from preaching, if he is then leading an evil life he eagerly adopts and is imbued with the falsities that are opposite and contrary to these knowledges, and then, because he is endowed with ability to reason, he reasons from falsities against the knowledges of his infancy and childhood, in consequence of which these are cast out, and falsities take their place; this, therefore, is what is signified by "the stars shall fall to the earth as a fig-tree casteth her unripe figs when shaken by a great wind."

[2] That "the fig-tree" signifies the natural man is from correspondence; for in heaven gardens and paradises are seen, where there are trees of every kind, and each tree signifies something of the Divine that is communicated to angels by the Lord. In general, "the olive" signifies the celestial, which is of the good of love; "the vine" the spiritual, which is of truth from that good; and "the fig-tree," the natural, which is derived from the spiritual or the celestial. And as these trees have this signification they also signify the angel or man in whom such things exist. But in a general sense they signify a whole society, because every society in the heavens is so formed as to present the image of a single man. In the spiritual sense, however, these trees signify the church, "the olive" the celestial church, "the vine" the spiritual church, and "the fig-tree" the natural church, which is the external church corresponding to the internal. From this it can be seen why "the fig-tree" is said to signify the natural man, that is, the natural with man.

[3] That "the fig tree" signifies this, and, in general, the external church is evident also from other passages in the Word, where it is mentioned, as from the following. In Isaiah:

All the host of the heavens shall waste away, and the heavens shall be rolled up as a book; and all their ¹ host shall fall down as the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as that which falleth from the fig-tree (Isaiah 34:4).

This is said of the day of the Last Judgment, which was to come, and which also did come; for the Last Judgment foretold by the prophets of the Old Testament was accomplished by the Lord when He was in the world; and as the things then done were like those done in the Last Judgment that is foretold in Revelation, and has at this day been accomplished by the Lord, so nearly the same things are said; as in the prophet Isaiah, that "all the host of the heavens shall fall down, as the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as that which falleth from the fig-tree," likewise that "the heavens shall be rolled up as a scroll;" and in Revelation, that "the stars shall fall unto the earth, as a fig-tree casteth her unripe figs," and that "the heaven shall depart as a book rolled up." "All the host of the heavens shall waste away" signifies that all goods and truths that are of love and faith are corrupted, "the host of the heavens" meaning all goods and truths that are of love and faith; for the sun, moon, and stars, by which these are signified, are called "the host of the heavens." "The heavens shall be rolled up as a book" signifies their dispersion; "all the host shall fall down as the leaf from the vine, and as that which falleth from the fig tree" signifies a laying waste from the falsities of evil.

[4] In Jeremiah:

In consuming I will consume them; there shall be no grapes on the vine nor figs on the fig-tree, and the leaf shall wither (Jeremiah 8:13).

"No grapes on the vine" signifies that there is no spiritual good, for "the vine" signifies the spiritual man, and "the grape," as being its fruit, signifies the good of that man, which is called spiritual good; "nor figs on the fig-tree" signifies that there is no natural good, for "the fig-tree" signifies the natural man, and "the fruit of the fig tree" signifies the good of that man which is called natural good. Evidently "the vine" does not mean a vine, nor "the fig-tree" a fig-tree, for it is said, "In consuming I will consume them, there shall be no grapes on the vine nor figs on the fig-tree," for they would not be consumed on that account. Moreover, the vastation of the church is what is treated of, as is clearly evident from what there precedes and follows.

[5] In Hosea:

I will make all her joy to cease, her feast, her new moon, her sabbath. And I will lay waste her vine and her fig-tree, whereof she hath said, These are my meretricious hire; and I will make them a forest, and the wild beast of the field shall eat them (Hosea 2:11-12).

This treats of the churches and of the falsification of truth therein. That the church is treated of is evident from the second verse of this chapter, where it is said, "Plead with your mother; for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband," "mother" and "wife" meaning the church. Moreover, the holy things of the church, from which worship is performed, and the worship itself, are signified by "the feast, the new moon, and the sabbath," which shall cease; therefore "I will lay waste her vine and her fig-tree" signifies that both spiritual good and natural good are to perish. That "they will be made a forest, and the wild beast of the field shall eat them" signifies that both will be merely natural, and that the spiritual will be consumed by falsities and lusts; "forest" signifying the merely natural, and "wild beast of the field" falsities and lusts. And as falsities in the church are especially falsified truths, and these are treated of in this chapter, it is said, "whereof she hath said, These are my meretricious hire," "meretricious hire" signifying falsification.

[6] In Joel:

A nation shall come up upon My land, vigorous and without number; its teeth are the teeth of a lion, and it hath the cheek-teeth of an immense ² lion. It hath made My vine a waste. and My fig-tree foam; [in stripping it hath stripped it, and cast it away;] the branches thereof are made white. The vine is dried up and the fig-tree languisheth; the pomegranate-tree, the palm-tree also, and the apple-tree, all the trees of the field are dried up (Joel 1:6-7, 12).

This whole chapter treats of the devastated church; and "the nation that comes up upon the land, vigorous and without number, having the teeth of a lion, and the cheek-teeth of an immense lion," does not signify any such nation, but direful evil and falsity therefrom; "the land upon which it comes up" signifies the church; "the teeth of a lion" signify the falsities of such evil; and because these destroy all the goods and truths of the church, they are called "the teeth of the lion and the great cheek-teeth of a lion," "lion" signifying [falsity] which destroys. Therefore "it hath made My vine a waste, and My fig-tree foam," signifies that the church internal and external is thereby vastated, "vine" signifying the internal church, and "fig-tree" the external, "foam" signifying where there is inwardly no truth; "in stripping it hath stripped it, and cast it away" signifies that there is no longer any good or truth that is not destroyed, "to strip," that is, of fruits and leaves, means of goods and truths, and "to cast away" means to destroy entirely; "the branches thereof are made white" signifies that there is no longer anything spiritual; "the pomegranate, the palm, and the apple, and all the trees of the field, that are dried up" signify the kinds of goods and truths of the church, and its knowledges, which are consummated by evils and falsities, "the trees of the field" signifying in general the knowledges of good and truth.

[7] In the same:

Fear not, ye beasts of My fields; for the habitations of the wilderness are full of herbs, for the tree beareth her fruit, the fig-tree and the vine shall yield their strength (Joel 2:22).

This treats of the establishment of the church, therefore "the beasts of the field" do not mean beasts of the field, but the affections of good in the natural man, consequently those in whom are such affections. Who does not see that it cannot be beasts to whom it is said, "Fear not, ye beasts of my fields?" "The habitations of the desert are made full of herbs" signifies that with such there will be knowledges of truth where there were none before, "the habitations of the wilderness" meaning the interiors of the mind of those in whom these did not exist before, "full of herbs" signifying the increase and multiplication of these; "for the tree beareth her fruit, the fig tree and the vine shall yield their strength" signifies that they have natural good and spiritual good, "strength" here meaning the production of fruit.

[8] In Amos:

Your many gardens and your vineyards, and your fig-trees and your olive-trees, the palmer-worm hath devoured; yet have ye not returned unto me (Amos 4:9).

"Gardens" signify all things of the church that constitute intelligence and wisdom; "vineyards" spiritual goods and truths; "fig-trees" natural goods and truths; "olive-trees" celestial goods and truths; "the palmer-worm" means the falsity that destroys; "the fig-tree," "the vine," and "the olive" properly signify the church and the man of the church; but as the church is a church and man is a man from goods and truths, so these also are signified by those trees, goods by their fruits, and truths by their branches and leaves.

[9] In Haggai:

Set your heart from this day and onwards. Is not the seed yet in the barn, even to the vine and fig-tree, and the pomegranate and the olive-tree? (Haggai 2:18-19).

These words in the spiritual sense mean that there are goods and truths yet remaining; all goods and truths from first to last are meant by "the vine, the fig-tree, the pomegranate, and the olive-tree," "the vine" meaning spiritual good and truth; "the fig-tree" natural good and truth; "the pomegranate" in general that which belongs to knowing and perceiving, and in particular, the knowledges and perceptions of good and truth; and "the olive-tree" the perception of celestial good and truth; "the barn" signifies where all these are, either the church or the man in whom the church is, or the mind of the man which is the subject.

[10] In Habakkuk:

The fig-tree shall not blossom, neither shall there be produce on the vines; the labor of the olive shall dissemble, and the fields shall yield no food (Habakkuk 3:17).

"The fig-tree shall not blossom" signifies that there shall be no natural good; "neither shall there be produce on the vines" signifies that there shall be no spiritual good; "the labor of the olive shall dissemble" signifies that there shall be no celestial good; "the fields shall yield no food" signifies that there shall be no spiritual nourishment.

[11] In Moses:

Jehovah God bringeth thee to a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths going forth in valley and mountain; a land of wheat and barley, and of vine and fig-tree and pomegranate; a land of oil-olive and honey (Deuteronomy 8:7-8).

"The good land" to which they shall be led means the land of Canaan, which signifies the church; here, therefore, "vine," "fig-tree," "pomegranate," and "olive," have a like signification as above. (The remainder may be seen explained before, n. 374)

Because "the land of Canaan" signifies the church, and "the vine," "the fig-tree," and "the pomegranate," signify the internal and external things of the church, so it came to pass that the explorers of that land brought away such things from it, respecting which it is thus written in Moses:

The explorers of the land of Canaan came to the brook Eshcol, and cut down from thence a branch with one cluster of grapes, which they bare upon a pole between two; and also of the pomegranates and of the figs (Numbers 13:23).

[12] Because "the vine" and "the fig-tree" signify such things, it is said in the Word of those who are in the goods and truths of the church, and thus in safety from evils and falsities, that "they shall sit securely under their own vine and under their own fig-tree, and none shall make afraid." Thus in the first book of Kings:

Judah and Israel dwelt in security, every man under his vine and under his fig-tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon (1 Kings 4:25).

In Zechariah:

I will remove the iniquity of this land in one day. In that day ye shall cry every man to his companion, to the vine and to the fig-tree (Zechariah 3:9-10).

And in Micah:

In the end of the days it shall be that the mountain of the house of Jehovah shall be established as the head of the mountains; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more; but they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig-tree; and none shall make afraid (Micah 4:1, 4:3-4).

These things are said respecting the Lord's kingdom, which is with those in the heavens and on the earth who are in love to Him. The Lord's kingdom is signified by "the mountain of Jehovah, which is established as the head of the mountains," for "the mountain of Jehovah" signifies the Lord's kingdom constituted of those who are in love to Him; and as these dwell above the others in the heavens, it is said that this mountain "shall be established as the head of the mountains" (See in the work on Heaven and Hell 188). And as such have truths inscribed on their hearts, and therefore do not dispute about them, it is said that "nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more," which signifies that in that kingdom there shall be no disputation about truths (See in the same work, n 25-26, 270, 271). That through the truths and goods in which they are, they shall be safe from evils and falsities is signified by "they shall sit under their own vine and under their own fig tree, and none shall make afraid."

[13] In Jeremiah:

Lo, I will bring upon you a nation from afar, which shall eat up thy harvest and thy bread; and it shall eat up thy sons and thy daughters; it shall eat up thy flock and thy herd; it shall eat up thy vine and thy fig tree (Jeremiah 5:15, 17).

"A nation from afar" signifies the evil opposed to celestial good, "from afar" signifying apart and remote from, also opposed to, goods and truths; "which shall eat up thy harvest and thy bread" signifies that it will destroy all truths and goods by which there is spiritual nourishment; "which shall eat up thy sons and thy daughters" signifies all the spiritual affections of truth and good; "which shall eat up thy flock and thy herd" signifies truths and goods internal and external; "which shall eat up thy vine and thy fig tree" signifies thus the internal and the external of the church.

[14] In Hosea:

I found ³ Israel like grapes in the wilderness; I saw your fathers as the first-ripe in the fig-tree in its first season (Hosea 9:10).

"Israel" and "the fathers" do not mean here the fathers of the tribes of the sons of Jacob, but those who were of the Ancient Church, because they were in good (See Arcana Coelestia 6050, 6075, 6846, 6876, 6884, 7649, 8055); because these were in good, but at the beginning in ignorance of truth, through which, however, good comes, it is said, "I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness; I saw your fathers as a fig-tree in its first season," "grapes" signifying spiritual good, "wilderness" signifying ignorance of truth, and "the first-ripe in the fig-tree" signifying natural good from spiritual good in infancy.

[15] In Luke:

When these things begin to come to pass, look up, and lift up your heads. And He spoke a parable: Behold the fig-tree and all the trees; when now they shall have shot forth ye see and shall know of your own selves that summer is now near. So ye also, when ye shall see these things coming to pass know that the kingdom of God is nigh (Luke 21:28-31; Matthew 24:32; Mark 13:28-29).

This treats of the consummation of the age, which is the Last Judgment, and the signs which precede are enumerated, which are meant by "when all these things begin to come to pass;" that a new church is then to begin, which in its beginning will be external, is signified by "Behold the fig-tree and all the trees, when they have shot forth." This parable or similitude was related because "the fig-tree" signifies the external church, and "trees" signify the knowledges of truth and good; "the kingdom of God," which then is near, signifies the new church of the Lord; for at the time of the Last Judgment the old church perishes and a new one begins.

[16] In Luke:

Every tree is known by its own fruit; for from thorns men do not gather figs, nor from a bramble bush gather they the grape (Luke 6:44; Matthew 7:16);

as "fruit" signifies the good of life, and the good of life is external good from internal, or natural good from spiritual, and as from this good man is known, so the Lord says, "Every tree is known by its own fruit; from thorns men do not gather figs, nor from a bramble-bush gather they the grape," "fig" here meaning the good of the external or natural man, and "the grape" the good of the internal or spiritual man; "thorns" and "bramble-bush" mean the evils opposed to these goods.

[17] Because the kings of Judah and Israel represented the Lord in relation to Divine truth, and Divine truth with man endures distress and labors as it were, when the life is not according to it and when it is not made the good of life, but when it is made the good of life it lives, so this was signified by the following:

By command of Jehovah they brought to Hezekiah king of Judah, when he was sick, a lump of figs, and placed it as a plaster upon his boil, and so he lived (2 Kings 20:7; Isaiah 38:21).

From this it can be seen that "the fig-tree" in the genuine sense, signifies the natural man in respect to good and truth, the fig itself as a tree the natural man, the fig as a fruit the good of the natural man, and its leaf the truth of that good.

[18] But that "the fig-tree" in the contrary sense signifies the natural man in respect to evil and falsity, the fig as a tree the natural man itself, the figs of it as fruit, the evil of that natural man, and its leaf the falsity of that evil, is evident from the following passages. In Jeremiah:

Jehovah showed me, and behold, two baskets of figs set before the temple of Jehovah, one basket of very good figs, as of fig-trees bearing the firstfruits; and the other basket of very bad figs, that could not be eaten for badness. Jehovah said, As the good figs, so will I recognize those carried away of Judah into the land of the Chaldeans for good; and I will set Mine eyes upon them for good, and I will bring them back upon this land; and I will build them, and I will plant them. And as the bad figs, so will I give them that are left in this land to commotion, and to evil to all nations; and I will send among them the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, that they may be consumed (Jeremiah 24:1-10);

"the captivity of the Jews in the land of the Chaldeans" means the like as the spiritual captivity or removal of the good from the evil in the spiritual world, according to what has been said above (n. 391, 392, 394, 397), namely that those who were inwardly evil, and yet were able to maintain a moral life externally like a spiritual life, remained upon the earth in the spiritual world, and made habitations for themselves there upon the higher places; while those who were inwardly good were removed from them, and concealed by the Lord in the lower earth; this was what was represented by the carrying away of the Jews into the land of the Chaldeans, and by the continuance of the rest of them in the land; therefore it is said concerning those who suffered themselves to be carried away into the land of the Chaldeans, "I recognize those carried away of Judah into the land of the Chaldeans for good; and I will set Mine eyes upon them for good, and I will bring them back upon this land; and I will build them, and I will plant them;" while of those that remained it is said "I will give them that are left in this land to commotion, and to evil to all nations; and I will send among them the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, that they may be consumed." That this is what was represented is evident also from this, that the temple of Solomon was destroyed before they were carried away, and a new one was built when they returned; "temple" signifying Divine worship, and "a new temple" worship restored.

[19] From this it can be seen what is signified by "the two baskets of figs set before the temple of Jehovah, in one of which were very good figs, as of fig-trees bearing the firstfruits, and in the other very bad figs, that could not be eaten for badness," namely, that those who are inwardly good, of whom a new heaven is to be formed, are meant by "the basket of good figs;" and those who are inwardly evil, who are to be cast down into hell, are meant by "the basket of bad figs;" wherefore it is said of the latter that "they could not be eaten for badness," signifying that such are inwardly evil, while of the former it is said that they were "as fig-trees bearing the firstfruits," signifying that such are inwardly good, so that a new heaven may be formed out of them; for "the fig," as a fruit, signifies the good of life both in its internal and its external form, and in the contrary sense it signifies the good of life merely in its external form, which is the evil of life, because inwardly it is evil, every external deriving all its quality from its internal, as it is an effect of it. With such, evil appears in externals as good, because they feign good for the sake of the evil that is within, in order to obtain some end, to which the seeming good serves as a means. The like is said of those who remained in the land of Canaan elsewhere in the same prophet:

Thus said Jehovah concerning the king, and all the people that dwell in this city that are not gone forth with you into captivity: Behold, I will send against them the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, and I will make them like vile figs, that cannot be eaten for badness (Jeremiah 29:16-17).

[20] That "the fig," as a tree, in the contrary sense signifies a merely natural man, and a church constituted of such, or those with whom there is no natural good because there is no good within is evident in Luke:

Jesus spoke this parable: A certain man had a fig-tree planted in his vineyard; he therefore came seeking fruit thereon, but found none. He said unto the vine dresser, Behold, three years I come seeking fruit on this fig-tree, but find none; cut it down, why also doth it make the land unfruitful? But he answering said, Lord, let it alone this year also, till I shall dig about it and dung it, if indeed it will bear fruit; but if not, after that thou shalt cut it down (Luke 13:6-9).

"The vineyard in which was the fig-tree" signifies the church, which contains also such as are in externals; for in the Lord's church there is both an internal and an external; the internal of the church is charity and the faith therefrom, while the external of the church is the good of life. The works of charity and faith, which are the good of life, belong to the natural man, while charity itself and faith therefrom belong to the spiritual man, therefore "a vineyard" signifies the internal of the church, and "a fig-tree" its external. With the Jewish nation there was only the external of the church, since it was in external representative worship; therefore "a fig tree" means the church with that nation; but because they were in external worship and in no internal, being inwardly evil, and external worship without internal is no worship, and with the evil is evil worship, therefore with them there was nothing of natural good. It is therefore said that "for three years he found no fruit on the fig-tree, and that he told the vine dresser to cut it down," which signifies that from beginning to end there was no natural good with that nation, "three years" signifying a whole period, or the time from beginning to end, and "the fruit of the fig tree" signifying natural good; by natural good is meant spiritual-natural good, or good in the natural from the spiritual. And because a church composed of such as are not in natural good, as was the Jewish nation, is not a church, it is also said "why also doth it make the land unfruitful?" "land" meaning the church; "the vine dresser saying that it should still be left, and he would dig about it" signifies that they would remain, and that they would hereafter be instructed by the Christians, in the midst of whom they would be; but no answer being made to this means that the fig tree would still produce no fruit, that is, that no good proceeding from anything spiritual would be done by the Jewish nation.

[21] This is the signification of "the fig-tree that withered away" when the Lord found no fruit on it, in Matthew:

In the morning Jesus returning into the city, hungered. And seeing a fig-tree by the way, He came to it, but found nothing thereon but leaves, therefore He said unto it, Let nothing grow on thee henceforward forever; therefore from that time the fig-tree withered away (Matthew 21:18, 19; Mark 11:12-14).

Here, too, "the fig-tree" means the church with the Jewish nation. That with that nation there was no natural good, but only truth falsified, which in itself is falsity, is signified by "the Lord came to the fig-tree, but found nothing thereon but leaves," "the fruit" which He did not find signifying natural good such as was described above, and "the leaf" signifying truth falsified, which in itself is falsity, for in the Word "leaf" signifies truth, but the leaf of a tree that is without fruit signifies falsity, and with that nation truth falsified, because they had the Word in which truths are, but which they falsified by application to themselves, which was the source of their traditions. That no natural good from a spiritual origin, which is called spiritual-natural good, would be done by that nation is signified by the words that the Lord spoke respecting it, "Let nothing grow on thee henceforward forever; therefore from that time it withered away;" "to wither away" signifying that there was no longer any good or any truth. The Lord saw the fig-tree and said this when He was returning into the city, and hungered, because "the city of Jerusalem" signifies the church, and "hungering," in reference to the Lord, signifies to desire good in the church (as may be seen above, n. 386. One who does not know the signification of "fig-tree," and that this fig-tree meant the church with that nation, thinks no otherwise than the Lord did this from indignation because He was hungry; but it was not done for that reason, but that it might be signified that such was the quality of the Jewish nation; for all the Lord's miracles involve and signify such things as belong to heaven and the church, whence those miracles were Divine (See Arcana Coelestia 7337, 8364, 9051 at the end).

[22] A perverted church, or the man of the church perverted in respect to his natural or external man is also signified by the fig-tree in David:

He gave them hail for their rain, a fire of flames in their land; and He smote their vine and their fig-tree; He brake the tree of their border (Psalms 105:32-33).

This was said of Egypt, which signifies the natural man that is in falsities and evils; and "vine," "fig tree," and "the tree of the border" signify all things of the church, "vine" the internal or spiritual things thereof, "fig-tree" the external or natural things thereof, and "the tree of the border" everything pertaining to knowing and perceiving, "the border" signifying the ultimate in which the interior things close, and in which they are together, and "trees" signifying knowledges and perceptions. Because all these things were perverted and therefore damned, it is said that they were "smitten and broken," which signifies destruction and damnation; that this was done by the falsities of evil which are from the love of the world is signified by "hail for their rain, a fire of flames in their land," "rain as hail" signifying the falsities of evil, and "the fire of flames" the love of the world.

[23] In Nahum:

All thy fortresses shall be like fig-trees with the first-ripe figs, if they be shaken they fall upon the mouth of the eater (Nahum 3:12).

This is said of "the city of bloods," which signifies doctrine in which truths are falsified and goods adulterated. This is compared to "fig-trees with the first-ripe figs, if they be shaken they fall upon the mouth of the eater," and this signifies that the goods therein are not goods, however much they may appear to be goods; and that such are not received, or if received are received only in the memory and not in the heart. That "if they be shaken they fall" signifies that they are not goods although they appear to be goods, because they are "the first-ripe figs;" and their falling "upon the mouth of the eater" signifies that they are not received even in the memory. That "the mouth of the eater" signifies non-reception is evident from appearances in the spiritual world; for those who commit anything to memory appear to receive it with the mouth; so "to fall upon the mouth" signifies not to receive even in the memory but only to hear, and also if they do receive, that it is only in the memory and not in the heart. "Fig-trees with their first-ripe figs" may also mean genuine goods, of which the like is true as of those who are in the falsities of evil.

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